Urinary incontinence
urge incontinence
Treatment: Initially, lifestyle modifications: bladder training
If bladder training is not helpful, try anti-muscarinic agents (Tolteridone, solifenacin, Darifenacin)
when anticholinergic agents fail, try
-percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation
-botulinum toxin injection
Stress incontinence
causes: urethral hypermobility, and intrinsic sphincter deficiency
initial measures include weight reduction, dietary modification, and pelvic floor exercise, pessary
if the above measures fail, then try the urethral sling procedure
overflow incontinence
patients with overflow incontinence have underlying neuropathy (e.g. diabetes mellitus), spinal surgery, and multiple sclerosis. on examination, you can find decreased perineal sensation due to underlying neuropathy.
patients with these conditions when taking anticholinergic agents develop incontinence.
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause
urinary symptoms occur but it is associated with other features of menopause like vulvovaginal irritation, dyspareunia,
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